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Armament Research Services (ARES)

“In place of the [standard 'Grad'] 9M22 rocket’s HE-FRAG warhead, the 9M22S (or the shorter 9M28S) carries the 9N510 warhead, which contains 180 individual incendiary elements … [which] consist of hexagonal prisms made of a magnesium alloy known as ML-5, filled with a pyrotechnic composition similar to thermite. Each element is nominally 40 mm long and 25 mm wide, and has a burn time of at least 2 minutes. The incendiary elements are packed into the body of the rocket in 9 layers of 18 elements per layer, with a further 18 elements arranged in three layers in the conical nose of the munition. After the rocket is fired, a time fuze … arms and functions the munition after the selected delay. When the munition functions, the individual elements are ignited by way of a black powder expelling and ignition charge, and scattered over an area of approximately 80 × 80 metres (6,400 square metres).”

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