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Fragmentation Munition
Fragmentation munitions use the detonation of an explosive to propel small fragments of material (‘fragmentation’) from the body of the munition at high velocity. A fragmentation munition typically affects a wider area than a simple blast munition of the same size, and is effective against personnel and unarmoured vehicles. Fragmentation is the primary mechanism of lethality for many common explosive munitions, but these munitions almost invariably also affect their environment through blast and other mechanisms (e.g., a high explosive fragmentation munition).
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Ukraine
A large eastern European country that faced a full-scale Russian invasion in February 2022. Since then the Ukrainian military has fought a major war with Russian forces, with tens of thousands believed to have been killed.
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Russia
A large country in Eastern Europe and North Asia. The Russian military began a full-scale invasion of Ukraine in 2022 and has since been engaged in heavy combat with the Ukrainian Armed Forces. Russia was also directly involved in Syria between 2015 and 2024, militarily aiding the country's former President Bashar al-Assad.
Analyst Note
15 August 2026
This image shows a U.S. Area Denial Artillery Munition (ADAM), an anti-personnel scatterable landmine which is dispensed from the rear of M692 and M731 155 mm artillery gun projectiles. Each projectile contains 36 ADAM submunitions. The submunition can deploy up to seven tripwires out to 20 ft (6.1 m). Any movement of a tripwire or movement of the ADAM body will result in a small kill mechanism being ejected to a height of a 6–8 ft (1.8 m–2.4 m) prior to detonating. Each munition contains a small amount of depleted uranium. The ADAM was previously designated as either the M67 or M72, with the only difference being the self-destruct time delay. (ARES)
Analyst Note
24 August 2026
Highlighted is a Russian POM-2 scatterable, high explosive, anti-personnel submunition which deploys six legs for stabilization upon impact and four pressure- and pull-sensitive 9.5m (31.17’) long tripwires which end in a ‘Y’ fashion with plastic weights. Upon deployment, nylon ribbons (seen in the foreground) are deployed to help ensure the submunition lands upright, in addition to the stabilizing legs. Originally designed to be dispensed by rockets and helicopters, the war in Ukraine has seen the POM-2 modified for deployment via drone, hand and even from RPGs. (ARES)
Analyst Note
2 March 2026
Positive identification of the model of air-delivered bomb to which the UMPK kit is fitted cannot be made from the source imagery. Based on the size of the UMPK and historical use in the area, it is likely an OFAB-250-270 model. (ARES)
Analyst Note
2 March 2026
It is reported that this jet engine was recovered from the wreckage of a Geran-5 one-way attack (OWA) UAV. It is most likely a Telefly TF-TJ2000A model, manufactured by Telefly Telecommunications Company in China. It is reported that the TF-TJ2000A engine produces 200 kg of thrust; this is a significant increase in thrust compared to the Telefly JT80 engine used on the Shahed-238 (Geran-3) UAV, which produces approximately 80 kg of thrust. (ARES)
Analyst Note
2 March 2026
This image shows the remains of a Russian Geran-5 drone. These drones are reported to be roughly 6 meters long and have a wingspan of up to 5.5 meters. They are fitted with a warhead weighing approximately 90 kg and have a range of about 1,000 km. (ARES)
Analyst Note
2 March 2026
The 3OF39 Krasnopol is a laser-guided, rocket-assisted 152 mm tank gun projectile carrying a high explosive fragmentation (HE-FRAG) warhead. The round is built and shipped with a cover over the optical sensor. This protective cover is fitted with a T-90 mechanical time delay fuze. Once fired, the T-90 fuze will initiate after a pre-selected time and will jettison the protective cover, exposing the optical sensor in the nose. The internal impact fuze, which can be set for immediate or delayed initiation, is then responsible for detonating the projectile. (ARES)
Analyst Note
15 January 2026
3OF39 Krasnopol rounds are shipped in two parts as seen in this image. They are then assembled prior to employment. (ARES)
Analyst Note
2 March 2026
This image shows the remains of the attitude control section of either a PAC-3 CRI or PAC-3 MSE missile. This section contains the attitude control motors, used in combination with control fins to guide and adjust the missiles on its way to the target. It is difficult to determine which of the two models this wreckage belongs to due the similarities of this section in both missiles and the absence of other distinctive components. (ARES)
Analyst Note
2 March 2026
This image shows the remnants of a PAC-3 Cost Reduction Initiative (CRI) missile. The PAC-3 family of missiles are hit-to-kill interceptors that defend against incoming ballistic missiles, cruise missiles, aircraft, and other targets primarily by using kinetic impact. However, it is important to note that these missiles contain a high explosive fragmentation (HE-FRAG) “lethality enhancer” warhead. These warheads are much smaller than what would normally be expected on a surface-to-air missile of this size, but still present a hazard if it fails to function as designed. (ARES)
Analyst Note
27 April 2026
Shown is the Russian Kh-69 (marked in Cyrillic: “Х-69”) cruise missile which was debuted at a Russian arms show in August 2022, and entered into active military service the following year. The Kh-69 was reportedly first used in combat in February 2024, engaging Ukrainian targets. The more compact design when compared with previous Russian missiles results in a smaller radar signature, which is further reduced by the trapezoidal form factor. The Kh-69 is classed by the Russian military as a ‘stealth cruise missile’ and carries either a penetrator or cluster (submunitions) warhead. (ARES)
Analyst Note
28 November 2025
This image shows 122 mm high explosive (HE) artillery gun projectiles manufactured in three different states, L–R: Iran, North Korea, and Russia. Whilst these examples are distinct from one another—particularly in coloration, as well as the presence or absence of paint over the driving band and bourrelet—this is not always the case, and a combination of physical features and markings should be assessed before identification is made. (ARES)
Analyst Note
31 December 2025
This image shows a russian air-delivered bomb fitted with a UMPK guidance kit. Not enough of the bomb is visible to positively identify the model, but it is most likely an OFAB-250-270 based on what can be seen of the tail section. (ARES)
Analyst Note
31 December 2025
This image shows a North Korean 170 mm artillery projectile, as fired by the M-1978 Koksan self-propelled artillery gun. Very little is known of the M-1978 Koksan due to the secretive nature of North Korean arms development, but both high explosive and rocket-assisted high explosive projectiles are believed to be available. The designations ‘M-1978’ and ‘Koksan’ were applied by American military analysts identified the system in Koksan, North Korea, in 1978. (ARES)
Analyst Note
28 November 2025
Markings on the forward section of this small, air-delivered bomb suggest that the designation is ‘BK-3OF’ (“БК-3ОФ”). The physical features of the munition suggest that it is laser-guided and likely carries a high explosive fragmentation (HE-FRAG) payload. This image shows the only known example, which was allegedly captured by Russian forces in conjunction with a Ukrainian UAV. (ARES)
Analyst Note
9 January 2026
This Russian air-delivered cluster bomb is marked with a threatening message directed at the French people: «Français! Changer la politique du président dans le pays, sinon ces bombes vont changer le lieu d'atterrissage!» (“French people! Change the president’s policy in the country, otherwise these bombs will change their landing site!”). (ARES)
Analyst Note
28 November 2025
This image shows a Hydra-70 rocket fitted with an Advanced Precision Kill Weapon System (APKWS) guidance kit, converting it into a guided missile. In this case, the missile features an M151 high explosive (HE) warhead fitted with either an M427 or M423 point-detonating (PD) fuze. The rocket motor model cannot be determined from this source alone, but it is most likely to be a MK 66-series motor. The launcher appears to be a LAND-LGR4 model produced by Arnold Defense. (ARES)
Analyst Note
28 November 2025
Positive identification of this surface-to-air missile cannot be made based on the imagery in the source. The items highlighted in this image are most likely the remains of either a 9M38- or 9M317-series missile, based on fin construction and their size relative to the individual posing in the foreground. These two missiles are close in design and function, and are predominantly fired from the Buk series of SAM systems. (ARES)
Analyst Note
28 November 2025
The 9N314M warhead shown here can be used in both 9M38- and 9M317-series missiles. In this particular case, according to the source, it was taken from a 9M38M1 missile. (ARES)
Analyst Note
28 November 2025
Although the source claims that this image shows a Buk-M3 surface-to-air missile system, this imagery is not sufficient to determine whether the remnants highlighted are from a 9M38-or 9M317-series guided missile. (ARES)
Analyst Note
2 December 2025
This image represents the first documented instance of a Shahed-series UAV carrying an R-60 air-to-air missile. This appears to add a new capability to the Shahed, enabling it to target enemy aircraft. Arming UAVs to counter interception and engage alternative targets is an emergent trend. Previously, unmanned surface vessels (USVs) employed by the Ukrainian Armed Forces have been observed carrying R-73 air-to-air missiles, for example. (ARES)
2 Analyst Notes
28 November 2025
This image shows 122 mm high explosive (HE) artillery gun projectiles manufactured in three different states, L–R: Iran, North Korea, and Russia. Whilst these examples are distinct from one another—particularly in coloration, as well as the presence or absence of paint over the driving band and bourrelet—this is not always the case, and a combination of physical features and markings should be assessed before identification is made. (ARES)
2 Analyst Notes
25 November 2025
This image shows 122 mm high explosive (HE) artillery gun projectiles manufactured in three different states, L–R: Iran, North Korea, and Russia. Whilst these examples are distinct from one another—particularly in coloration, as well as the presence or absence of paint over the driving band and bourrelet—this is not always the case, and a combination of physical features and markings should be assessed before identification is made. (ARES)
